2015年5月31日 星期日
2015年5月29日 星期五
What happened to Dave's Eton chums?
Beneath the unruly Eighties quiff, the features are unmistakeable. Sitting in the centre of this school photograph, with a wing collar and bow-tie signifying his authority as a house captain, is none other than a 17-year-old David Cameron.
This exclusive picture — the first to show the future Prime Minister in his Eton schooldays — has come to light after the photographer chanced upon it in his archives and decided to make it public.
It shows Cameron and 45 housemates at the prime of a very gilded youth.
Housemates: Pictured, 1: Campbell Clarke, 2: Tom Goff, 3: Simon Andreae, 4: James Learmond, 5: David Cameron, 6: John Faulkner, 7: Roland Watson, 8: Ed Clarke, 9: Charles ‘Toppo’ Todhunter, 10: Crispin Gibbs, 11: Peter Davis, 12: George Devas, 13: Dominic Bunford, 14: Tim Ellis, 15: Andy Greenacre, 16: Harry Shepherd-Cross, 17: Anthony Headlam, 18: Alex Hope, 19: Richard Halstead,
20: Luke Fletcher, 21: Rupert Morrell, 22: Charles Tremlett, 23: Hon William Montgomerie, 24: Matthew Oakley, 25: James De Salis, 26: Charlie Millard, 27: Fred Collin, 28: James Holland-Hibbert, 29: Frank Althaus, 30: David Chancellor, 31: Henry Pettifer, 32: Hon Adrian Pery Second,
33: Anthony Walkinshaw, 34: Benjamin Bellak, 35: Hon Richard Lytton Cobbold, 36: Hugh Powell, 37: Hugo Andreae, 38: Tim Hayes, 39: Henry Savile, 40: Jason Harris, 41: W W Saunders, 42: Henry Donne, 43: Brough Ransom, 44: Thomas Fielden, 45: Tom Rodwell, 46: Jamie Forbes, 47: Rodolph de Salis
When the picture was taken in the summer of 1984, the miners’ strike was at its height and unemployment stood at more than 3.25 million.
But for the future PM, life was looking good. He was coming to the end of five years at Eton, where he was flourishing both socially and academically. As the accompanying picture from his first year at the school shows, his looks had changed considerably, too.
By many accounts, Cameron flowered late at Eton. Neither a brilliant sportsman nor an academic whizz when he arrived, he has never challenged reports first aired in a highly regarded biography of the Tory leader — and widely reported at the time of its publication — that he narrowly avoided expulsion for smoking cannabis midway through his time there.
His potential only emerged in the sixth form. Shortly after this picture was taken, he achieved three A grades at A-level, and then read Politics, Philosophy and Economics at Oxford University.
‘There’s a sense in which he has always wanted to push himself and test himself more, not waste his time,’ recalls one teacher.
Among fellow Etonians, Cameron divided opinion as much as he does among the electorate. While some thought him ‘friendly and fair’ and ‘unusually approachable and affable’, others considered him ‘a bit of a greaser’ and ‘hugely arrogant’.
Boys at Eton in his time were divided into 25 houses of around 50 pupils, each having their own bedroom to sleep and study in. Cameron’s was Warre House, overseen by housemaster John Faulkner.
But what happened to his former housemates? The Mail has tracked them down to reveal the very different fates of Cameron’s ‘House of 84’ — starting with the nine who were in his own year group and were thus his most direct contemporaries.
From a juice bar millionaire to a special-effects whizz (with an inevitable smattering of bankers), they are often far from the conventional image of Old Etonians...
First year at school: David Cameron, aged 13, in a 1980 house photograph
CAMERON’S YEAR
1 Campbell Clarke A hugely successful financier, he’s founder and managing director of Astir Capital, a company that’s raised $1 billion of capital for hedge funds and business development projects. After University of Westminster, he became a foreign exchange manager in the City before joining investment firm Weston Capital, where he marketed a variety of specialist funds.
2 Tom Goff Bloodstock agent who’s a leading figure in British horse racing. Chairman of Blandford Bloodstock in Newmarket, which he co-founded, he is acclaimed for his sharp eye for spotting future winners, having also worked as the Racing Post’s Newmarket correspondent. With housemate Charles ‘Toppo’
Todhunter (see No 9), he was joint best man at Cameron’s wedding in June 1996.
Earlier this year, the PM stayed with Goff in Newmarket, then spoke about the ‘massive success story’ of the £3 billion British racing industry, declaring it ‘now the second most popular sport after football in our country’.
3 Simon Andreae Attended Heatherdown prep school with the future PM, where Prince Edward was a contemporary. Once recalled how he and great friend Cameron would climb out of dormitory windows to enjoy trysts with local schoolgirls.
Now a leading international TV producer, he was most recently executive vice president at Fox TV in America, in charge of its reality show division. As Channel 4’s former head of science, he was responsible for a number of controversial shows including The Autopsy — a live broadcast of Professor Gunther Von Hagens dissecting a human corpse.
Andreae posed naked with 160 strangers on the steps of London’s County Hall for American artist/photographer, Spencer Tunick. He also authored a book on human sexuality, The Anatomy Of Desire.
His twin brother, children’s author Giles Andreae, shared a house with Cameron at Oxford and was made godfather to one of the PM’s children.
4 James Learmond Cameron dubbed him ‘the businessman’ at school because he carried his homework in a City-style briefcase. Now a millionaire, he founded the health food and juice bar chain Crussh. He remembers fondly how the future PM honed his ‘flesh-pressing’ people-skills when, aged 16, the two boys made weekly social-services-style visits to an elderly lady who lived near the school.
Learmond, who admits he once voted for Tony Blair, set up Crussh after being advised by nutritionists to start eating more fruit and veg to clear up some facial eczema, and the chain now has 25 stores. He then helped launch Roosterbank, an online ledger that helps parents and children keep track of their outgoings and savings.
5 David Cameron Prime Minister since 2010 and MP for Witney in Oxfordshire.
6 John Faulkner House master, now 77 and retired to East Sussex.
7 Roland Watson has also forged a career in politics — but in a very different way. A journalist, he joined The Times in 1998 as a political correspondent and in 2010 became its political editor. He has also served as the newspaper’s head of news and its Washington bureau chief. Now the paper’s foreign editor.
8 Ed Clarke After graduating from Edinburgh University, he built a highly lucrative career in banking. In South Africa, he set up Hambros Bank’s infrastructure advisory business, and after a spell at French bank Societe Generale, became founder/director of Infracapital, a Project & Infrastructure Finance business that’s part of the global finance giant M&G. He is twin brother of Campbell Clarke (No 1).
9 Charles ‘Toppo’ Todhunter Another of the PM’s closest school chums, and his joint best man. His corporate social networking profile says he is involved in ‘Venture Capital & Private Equity’.
Has dabbled in a wide variety of businesses — most recently, a firm providing online travel guides for cities called e-street (now dissolved). That’s not his only venture that seems to have struggled — others include a restaurant company (dissolved), a marketing firm (voluntary liquidation), a property co
mpany (dissolved) and an investment firm (struck off this year).
Lives near Hungerford, Berkshire, while his parents reside in a nearby old rectory, which was previously owned by the poet Sir John Betjeman and was once described as the ‘finest parsonage in England’.
10 Crispin Gibbs Scuba-diving instructor who might be considered the Eton equivalent of a drop-out. After studying history of art at the University of East Anglia, he set up home in the remote Togean Islands off the coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia, with his wife, Lala, who’s from the area, and their children. Had previously visited the region and was determined to open it up to eco-friendly tourism.
Now the owner of the luxury Black Marlin scuba dive centre and holiday resort on Kadidiri island, offering visits to ‘crystal clear tropical water and breathtakingly beautiful, untouched desert islands, with palm fringed white sandy beaches’.
11 Peter Davis Musical scholar at Eton, he’s now the conductor and director of the Westminster Chamber Orchestra and the National Preparatory School Orchestra, a charity which provides opportunities for young musicians to have access to educational group music.
12 George Devas Now calling himself Jordi Devas, lives in Bangkok and makes videos for alternative rock groups — among them Coil, whose output includes the revoltingly titled song The Anal Staircase. Is also a production manager for fashion-shoots.
13 Dominic Bunford Lives in Monte Carlo, works in corporate finance and is deputy permanent delegate of San Marino to Unesco, the United Nations’ cultural and educational organisation.
14 Tim Ellis Career not known.
15 Andy Greenacre Picture Editor, Saturday Telegraph Magazine.
16 Harry Shepherd-Cross Director of solar farm developers Haymaker Energy.
17 Anthony Headlam Chief technology officer, Jaguar Land Rover.
18 Alex Hope Managing Director and co-founder of one Britain’s largest special-effects companies (Double Negative). In 2010, members of the firm’s team were Oscar-nominated for two films — Inception and Iron Man II, with Inception scooping the gong. Has an OBE for services to the visual-effects industry, and also holds an inherited baronetcy, making his correct name Sir Alexander Archibald Douglas Hope, OBE.
19 Richard Halstead Co-founder and chief operating officer of a wine industry consultancy firm (Wine Intelligence).
20 Luke Fletcher Career not known.
21 Rupert Morrell Former investment banker, now international director of Pussy Drinks, an energy drink brand that uses only natural ingredients. Lives in Madrid.
22 Charles Tremlett Lives in Melbourne. Managing director of firm that produces mobile billboards.
23 Hon William Montgomerie Second son of 18th Earl of Eglinton. His family have been educated at Eton for nearly three centuries.
24 Matthew Oakley Now the head of economic analysis at consumer group Which?. Previously head of economics at Right-wing think tank Policy Exchange and a former economic adviser at the Treasury.
25 James De Salis Head of funds for Barclays Wealth, division of the bank that provides investment management services to private clients and financial organisations all over the world.
26 Charlie Millard Head of London office of workplace designers M Moser Associates.
27 Fred Collin Architect in North Yorkshire.
28 James Holland-Hibbert International fine art dealer, sought after in London and New York for his expertise. Dashing and well-connected enough to have earned a place on elite Tatler magazine’s ‘List of the people who really matter’ — although he ranked at number 227, well below his old housemate Cameron, who charted at a surprisingly lowly 64.
29 Frank Althaus Publisher; founding director of Russian Language Centre in London.
30 David Chancellor Senior partner for the international head-hunting firm Tyzack.
31 Henry Pettifer Head of Old Master & Early British Paintings, Christie’s, London.
32 Hon Adrian Pery Second son of 6th Earl of Limerick. Former major in the Army, now commandant of the Kiel Training Centre in Germany, responsible for running Army and Joint Service Adventurous Sail training in Western Baltic.
33 Anthony Walkinshaw Works for the Animal Health Trust, Newmarket.
34 Benjamin Bellak English teacher at a comprehensive in Wandsworth, South London.
35 Hon Richard Lytton Cobbold Co-founder of a firm that makes electronic advertising displays. His family seat is the stately home at Knebworth, venue for rock concerts by stars such as Robbie Williams.
36 Hugh Powell Residential and commercial mortgage broker for John Charcol.
37 Hugo Andreae Editor Motor Boat & Yachting magazine. Brother of Simon (No 3).
38 Tim Hayes Career not known — though a Tim Hayes is director of Temple Interactive Media, which provides automated telephone credit card processing.
39 Henry Savile Director of The Map House, an antiquarian map dealer in Beauchamp Place, London.
40 Jason Harris Director T-Space Architects, London.
41 W W Saunders Career not known.
42 Henry Donne Director, Discretionary Wealth Management at HSBC Global Asset Management.
43 Brough Ransom Senior Sales Executive and Healthcare Specialist at N+1 Singer Capital Markets Ltd.
44 Thomas Fielden Chartered Accountant, director of numerous energy companies.
45 Tom Rodwell Stabilisation & Conflict adviser at UK Government’s Stabilisation Unit, an operational agency supporting government efforts to tackle instability overseas.
46 Jamie Forbes Lieutenant Colonel in the Army, currently working in UK Operations Contingency Planning and Implementation at the MoD.
47 Rodolph de Salis Younger brother of James (No 25), describes himself variously as an archaeologist, a ‘meta-commentator’, a ‘storage & stock-pile artist’, a curator, a genealogist, and a ‘countryside historian’.
From the Mail
From the Mail
2015年5月26日 星期二
Celebrities Who Predicted Their Own Deaths
Jimi Hendrix
Some people would consider Jimi Hendrix the greatest guitar player of all time. Jimi’s career and music sadly was not recognized for how great it is until after he died. In some eerie way, he knew that’s how things would play out for him.
Two years before his death, Jimi recorded a song, titled “The Ballad of Jimi. In the song he talks of a man named “Jimi” and the lyrics foresee his death and legacy saying. “Many things he would try, for he knew soon he’d die. Now Jimi’s gone, he’s not alone, his memory still lives on and five years, this he said. He’s not gone, he’s just dead.”
******************************************
John Lennon
John Lennon was tragically murdered by a deranged fan in 1980. Lennon famously walked away from the shackles of fame and the music business in 1975 to raise his then new born son.
Five years later, he returned to the studio to record a whole bunch of songs that would result in his ‘Double Fantasy’ album. Many of the songs were left unfinished.
Following his tragic death, the leftover material eventually found its way on posthumous albums. The song “Borrowed Time” includes the line ”Living on borrowed time without a thought for tomorrow”
******************************************
Mark Twain
Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Clemens, is arguably one of the greatest American writers that literature has ever seen. He gave us classic characters like Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.
A lot of people are unaware that Twain predicted when he would die. In 1909, Twain joked that the next time Halley’s Comet passed close to Earth, he would “go out” with it. Halley’s Comet visits every 76 years and can only be seen from earth for a few months.
The year following Twain’s prediction, Halley’s Comet came back on April 20, 1910. The very next day Mark twain died of a heart attack.
******************************************
Bob Marley
Bob Marley is known as one of the most prolific music artist to ever live. His music reached all corner of the earth.
To his close friends and family, Bob was a psychic. His close friend and confidant, Allan “Skill” Cole said the Marley predicted that he would build a recording studio that would be world renowned.
He also revealed that Marley predicted that he would die at the age of 36. In 1976 there was an assassination attempt on Bob Marley, but it was unsuccessful. Five years later Bob Marley died at the age of 36 from cancer.
******************************************
John Denver
John Denver was a popular man with his name being well known for singing, songwriting, humanitarian work, acting, and activism.
Apart from his interests related to the performing arts, Denver loved flying and was an amateur pilot. His love for flying was also the reason for his death.
The musician died in a plane crash near Pacific Grove, California. One of his most famous songs, “Leaving on a Jet Plane,” which was originally going to be titled, “Baby. I Hate to Go,” was released in 1969, 28 years before the crash. In the song the chorus has a lyric that goes,” I’m leavin’ on a jet plane. Don’t know when I’ll be back again.”
Many people believed that Denver predicted he would die in a plane incident in that song.
Punt it like Beckham!
David and Victoria take their children for a leisurely afternoon on the river in Cambridge... and Brooklyn even gets to meet Stephen Hawking
Punt it like Beckham! David and Victoria take their children for a leisurely afternoon on the river in Cambridge... and Brooklyn even gets to meet Stephen Hawking
It's one the of best ways to spend an afternoon in Cambridge, so the Beckhams were naturally keen to take to the waters when they paid a visit to the beautiful city on Monday for a fun-filled family outing.
David and Victoria Beckham and their brood were spotted enjoying a leisurely punting trip down the River Cam as they made the most of the bank holiday weekend.
And not only that but their eldest son Brooklyn, 16, even got to meet legendary physicist Professor Steven Hawking during the family day out.
Family affair: The Beckhams were spotted glided down the River Cam in Cambridge on Monday afternoon in two separate punts
Inspiring: Brooklyn Beckham shared this picture of him with Stephen Hawking, when he paid a visit a visit to the professor on Monday, although his grammar would no doubt have horrified the esteemed physicist
The 40-year-old sporting legend was in one punt with his three boys Brooklyn, Romeo, 12 and Cruz, ten, while fashion designer Victoria took another boat with three-year-old Harper.
Relaxing: David shared this relaxed picture of himself in front of one of Cambridge's many beautiful buildings
Stunning: David was so impressed with his fun-filled day on the river that he took to Instagram to tell his fans about it
All together now: The children's maternal grandparents Tony and Jackie Adams joined them on their outing
The last supper for a 54-year-old British father
A 54-year-old British father dines with his loved ones. Just 16 hours later he took his own life at a Swiss clinic, with the reluctant blessing of his wife and three daughters
- Jeffrey Spector enjoyed a final meal with his family before assisted suicide
- 54-year-old travelled to Dignitas clinic in
Zurich with his wife and children
- Father-of-three feared inoperable tumour on his spine would paralyse him
- The successful businessman described suicide as his ‘
least worst option’
Surrounded by his smiling family and friends, he could be any father enjoying a meal out.
But 16 hours after this photograph was taken, 54-year-old Jeffrey Spector killed himself at a Swiss clinic, telling his heartbroken children: ‘I know I am going too early.’
The married father of three feared the inoperable tumour growing on his spine would leave him paralysed from the neck down at any moment.
Unable to contemplate a future trapped in his own body and dependent on others, the successful businessman described suicide as his ‘least worst option’.
Poignant: Businessman Jeffrey Spector (front right) shares a final meal in Switzerland with family and friends – including two of his daughters - just hours before he took his own life at a Dignitas assisted suicide clinic
Mr Spector said his family had urged him not to kill himself, but he travelled with his wife and children to the Dignitas assisted suicide clinic in Zurich.
The family had a poignant last meal together before he took a fatal dose of barbiturates with his wife Elaine, 53, at his side.
Last night she and their three daughters said they were ‘in a state of all-consuming grief’, but added: ‘As a family we supported and respected Jeffrey’s decision 100 per cent.
Fr: the Mail
Canada's Miss World candidate says her family was threatened in China
Canada’s newly crowned Miss World candidate says her family in China is being threatened for her outspokenness on religious freedom and her former country’s human-rights violations.
Anastasia Lin, a 25-year-old Torontonian, said that several days after her May 16 victory in Vancouver, she starting receiving harrowing text messages from her father, explaining he had been visited by security forces and telling her she would lose his support, if she continued speaking out.
“He said that the security services threatened him with turning my family into something from the Cultural Revolution,” she said, alluding to the era when the Communists would encourage family members to denounce each other.
Ms. Lin said when she asked her father whether he had been threatened, he instructed her never to ask him about it again and pleaded with her to allow them a way to survive in China. In other words, stop talking about politics. As she explained to him, however, she didn’t see how she could avoid it. “It’s precisely because of the values I’m upholding that has moved the judges.”
Her plight is one of many in which Canadian citizens of Chinese origin say their families in China are being harassed for political activities in their new country. Tibetan and Uyghur groups have made similar claims and they have stressed there is almost no recourse to address the bilateral problem.
Ms. Lin’s predicament adds a wrinkle to the typically placid Miss World contest: The final pageant will be held in Sanya, China, the sixth time the beach city has hosted the competition. “Stay tuned and see if they give me the visa,” Ms. Lin said.
The Chinese embassy in Ottawa did not respond for comment.
A practitioner of Falun Gong – the religious discipline that China regards as a political movement and a menace – Ms. Lin is a University of Toronto theatre major who has appeared in several films that underscore rights abuses in China, particularly against Falun Gong.
Ms. Lin, who prevailed over 52 other contestants, was born in China’s Hunan province and lived there for 13 years before moving to Canada with her mother. Her parents are divorced, and her father has a new family in China.
When asked whether she had reached out to the authorities about the threats, she said there was no one to complain to. “You can’t contact the Chinese police because they’re the problem. I was thinking of calling the Canadian government, but can they really pressure China not to harass people?”
Joel Chipkar, a leader in Toronto’s Falun Gong community, said that thousands of fellow practitioners have complained about similar circumstances and pointed to Canada’s closed-door discussions on human rights with China as the culprit. “If Canada openly called for China to stop harassing its citizens and their families, China would start respecting Canada’s borders a little more.”
2015年5月25日 星期一
Ways of making puddings @2
- 木瓜銀耳糖水
這道銀耳木瓜糖水絕對算的上是一道滋養糖水。常食用能養陰潤肺，滋潤皮膚，防止皺紋過早出現，保持皮膚幼嫩，延緩衰老。可治療燥熱咳嗽、乾咳無痰等等。
材料：木瓜半隻（約200克），銀耳三大朵（約20克），冰糖適量（約50克）。
做法：
1、將銀耳用溫水浸透泡發，洗凈撕成小朵，木瓜削皮去籽，切成小塊；
2、銀耳、木瓜和冰糖一起放入鍋里，加適量水煮開，然後轉小火燉煮30分鐘-1個小時，即可食用。
小提示：
1、喜歡枸杞子或者蓮子的人，也可以根據自己的喜好加入，將取十幾顆枸杞子或者蓮子洗凈后與木瓜銀耳一起放入鍋中燉煮即可；
2、小火煮的時間要取決於銀耳熟爛的程度，如果有些銀耳不太好煮爛，則需要適當延長一些煮的時間。
- 海帶綠豆糖水
材料：綠豆200g、海帶 25g、香草（也叫臭草）2g/陳皮（曬乾的桔子皮）1小塊、冰糖適量、水適量
做法：
1、綠豆：懶的話洗乾淨浸半小時，放在一邊待用，如果想口感好的話，去掉綠豆殼。
2、香草/陳皮：如果是放陳皮的話，就要用水浸軟，颳去瓢，再洗乾淨，香草的話洗乾淨就可以了。喜歡味道濃一點的就切碎，不太喜歡吃的就切大片一點，不過不要不放，不放就沒有風味了。
3、海帶：浸軟，切成小段，喜歡吃起來有口感的就切寬一點，喜歡細膩一點的就切細一點。
4、在處理材料的同時，煲開一鍋水，把綠豆、香草/陳皮、海帶倒入鍋里，中火煲2個 小時左右，在煲的時候記得要加水，不然很容易糊，又或者會把糖水煲成糖漿。
5、當綠豆都煲爛了，就跟據自己的口味加冰糖，再煲15分鐘。這樣好好喝的綠豆沙就煲好了。
吃法：
1、直接熱吃（一年四季皆適宜！）；
2、放入冰箱，冰了再吃（夏日消暑好味道！）；
3、加湯圓熱吃（一次滿足兩個願望！）
注意：
1、綠豆能解渴利尿，消腫下氣，解暑除煩熱，有益於腸胃。因為綠豆性屬寒涼，脾胃虛寒，大便稀爛，腎氣不足，腰痛，肢冷者都不宜多吃。
2、海帶功能和紫菜差不多。但海帶不要浸洗太久，因為浸洗太久，它的碘甘露醇（有消腫利尿功能）會被溶去。
功能：清涼解熱，解毒利尿，治咳嗽，可減少皮膚病毒（例如青春豆）。
- 雞蛋腐竹糖水
材料：干腐竹10克，雞蛋2隻、冰糖適量、姜一小片 煮雞蛋腐竹糖水，雞蛋有三種打法第一種：把雞蛋在碗里打散了再倒入糖水裡，這樣出來的糖水口感較稠，象吃羹一樣； - 第二種：把雞蛋煮熟剝殼後放入糖水，這樣出來的糖水口感較清甜，雞蛋滑溜，但也感覺放蛋和不放蛋差不多
第三種：直接把蛋打糖水裡煮熟。這樣出來的糖水不失清甜，而且因有了蛋白的絲絲花般點綴，口感更軟滑。 煮雞蛋腐竹糖水，雞蛋有三種打法第一種：把雞蛋在碗里打散了再倒入糖水裡，這樣出來的糖水口感較稠，象吃羹一樣； - 4 腐竹白果薏米糖水
- 材料：干腐竹75克、白果75克、薏米38克、雞蛋2隻、冰糖150克、水8杯或適量
做法：
1、薏米洗乾淨，隔干水，放在一邊備用；
2、腐竹浸軟，白果去殼，然後用熱水浸片刻，撕去衣，去心；
3、雞蛋煮熟去殼；
4、煲滾水，將白果、薏米放入煲半小時，然後加入腐竹、冰糖，煲至冰糖溶化，將熟雞蛋去殼並放入糖水中，煮至薏米剛熟即成。
功效：白果和薏米都有清熱去濕的功效，天氣燥熱或胸中煩悶時，煲些白果薏米糖水吃，能清除燥熱，使身體舒暢。 - 雙皮奶
- 材料：一大碗牛奶（400ml左右）、蛋清二隻、白砂糖二勺（或者不放糖放煉乳，這樣會更香純）。
- 做法：
1、先把牛奶倒到鍋中剛煮開即可（燒久了會破壞蛋白質，也結不起奶皮了），然後再倒入大碗，這時可以看到牛奶表面結起一層皺皺的奶皮；
2、拿一個空的大碗中放入二隻蛋清（蛋清蛋黃分離的方法想必大家都會的，就不多說了）、二勺糖，攪勻至糖溶解（不要打太久，否則變蛋泡了）；
3、等牛奶稍涼后，用筷子把奶皮刺破，再將牛奶慢慢倒入裝有蛋清的大碗，攪拌均勻，再沿碗邊緩緩倒回留有奶皮的大碗，可以看到奶皮會自己浮起來；
4、最後將牛奶放入鍋中隔水蒸十分鐘左右，用筷子從中間刺入，沒有牛奶流出說明全部凝結起來了，大功告成啦。
How to make your7 kinds of favourite puddings
方法/步驟
- 水果西米露
材料：西米、牛奶（或者椰奶）、水果（草莓、西瓜、蘋果或者你喜歡的水果）。
做法
1、把西米放進清水裡洗乾淨，然後把一鍋水煮沸，把西米放進煮沸的水裡。（注意：要一邊煮一邊用勺子攪拌，否則西米會粘鍋底）
2、煮到西米半透明，然後把西米和熱水隔開，再煮一鍋沸水，把剛才煮到半透明隔好水的西米再放到沸水裡煮。一直煮到全部透明，把沸水都倒去。
3、煮一小鍋牛奶，放少許糖。（建議：用椰汁代替牛奶，椰汁會更加香，若不喜歡椰汁，牛奶也可以。）
4、把牛奶倒進西米里一起煮，不用煮太久。把煮好的西米牛奶放進冰箱，直到冰凍。西米好了后，過冷水，這樣會Q的。
5、最後將你喜歡的水果切丁，放進冰凍的西米露里即可。
- 姜撞奶
材料：生薑、牛奶。
做法：
1、生薑洗乾淨去掉皮，可以用榨汁機，榨汁器把薑汁榨出來備用；
2、牛奶加熱，加糖，調配到你喜歡的甜度，熱了以後熄火；
3、把加熱的牛奶冷卻到70－80度；
4、現在開始姜撞奶了，有幾個需要注意：不能拿薑汁倒入牛奶裡面，必須是牛奶倒入薑汁，其實不能說是倒入，應該是沖入薑汁裡面，要一氣呵成，不能斷斷續續，要衝就一次衝進去，不然不能凝結。最好沖的時候有力度一點。所謂的姜撞奶就是這樣了；
5、牛奶倒入薑汁以後，別動，安靜等待牛奶凝結，如果薑汁好的話5分鐘內就會凝結。一般等候5－15分鐘，牛奶就會凝固，好像比布丁稀一點的狀態；
6、完成，可以品嘗了。
- 蓮子百合紅豆沙
材料：紅豆500g，白蓮子30g，白合10g，陳皮適量，冰糖約500g
做法：
1、先洗乾淨紅豆，白蓮子，白合，清水浸泡兩小時
2、煮開水，把紅豆（和浸豆水）還有陳皮、蓮子、百合放入鍋中
3、煮開水用中慢火煲兩個小時，最後才用大火煲大概半小時
4、煲至紅豆起沙和還有適量水分，就可以加糖調味，甜度根據個人所愛
- 芝麻糊
材料：黑芝麻200克、白米1湯匙、冰糖適量、清水8碗。
做法：
1.將黑芝麻和米洗凈，浸2小時。
2.將黑芝麻、米及4碗水放入攪拌機內，攪5分鐘，將芝麻及米攪至全爛。
3.將芝麻米漿倒在魚袋布內，隔渣，令芝麻糊更滑。（如用茶隔，需隔2小時以上）
4.把4碗水及冰糖放入煲內，煮溶，再放芝麻米漿，慢火一邊煮，一邊攪動，煮至糊狀即成。
滋潤小百科：要煮出芝麻糊帶糊狀的質感，必須要落米漿；而想芝麻糊香一點，就應再放少許白芝麻一齊煮。
- 楊枝甘露
材料：西米約50克、芒果2個、西柚1個、木瓜1個、椰漿1罐（用椰子汁也可）、三花淡奶1罐、冰糖少許（砂糖也可）。
做法：
1、西米放進煮開的水裡，大火煮1分鐘后加蓋悶至透明（約25分鐘，這樣比一直煮省火），用過濾篩子盛著用涼水沖凈，瀝干後備用，提示：如果這時 候西米還沒透明，到第4步還可以再煮。
2、芒果一個把肉肉挖起來，用攪拌機打成漿，提示：要切小塊，攪拌器才好打哦。另一個起肉切成1cm見方狀，備用。
3、西柚最好買進口紅肉的，顏色好看而且香味濃郁；將肉剝出后輕輕揉散，備用。
4、將冰糖放進水裡煮溶（水量約與西米為1：1），倒進西米煮開約2分鐘（如果第1步中西米還沒透明，這裡就多煮一會），整鍋放進冷水裡浸著，以 加速降溫。
5、當西米降到40度以下時，先加入三花淡奶，份量以湯色泛起牛奶色為準；再加入椰漿，份量以聞到椰香而定。
6、然後加入芒果汁，攪勻、試味；如果覺得不夠甜的話，可加入幼砂糖調和一下。
7、最後加入西柚肉粒和芒果肉粒，置入雪櫃冷凍即可食用。
- 糖不甩
材料：糯米粉（看自己吃多少啦），花生米（自己喜歡），雞蛋（一個）
做法：
1、直接把糯米粉加水搓成粉丸，用開水煮熟。
2、在鐵鍋中用滾熱的糖漿煮熟，把已經煮熟的粉丸放進去。煮到粉丸和糖漿充分混合就可以關火了。
3、撒上碾碎的炒花生米或切成絲的煎雞蛋伴食，就可以增加口感~吃起來，粉丸口感酥滑香甜、醒胃而不膩，味香四溢，老少咸宜。
小提示：
1 花生米是自己家炒的，沒有放什麼油啊糖啊鹽啊之類的。生的花生米買回來直接放在鍋里炒到出香味了，外皮快掉了~就可以把皮和仁捏開啦~用口一吹皮就可以吹掉啦~~不過掃地就很痛苦了~~最後碾碎花生米就可以了~
2 煎雞蛋絲；是把雞蛋打散。放一點點油在鍋里煎薄薄地就可以了。
- 番薯糖水
材料：番薯500g、冰糖150g、生薑一大片拍松
做法：
1、番薯去皮，洗凈切厚塊（角狀的好看一點），用清水浸半小時，浸時要時常換水。
2、把大水3杯及生薑放入鍋內燒開，然後放番薯，用慢火煮酥，約需20分鐘（要視番薯厚薄而定），再放冰糖煮溶並燒開，就可以吃了。
朱自清《背影》賞析
【原文】我與父親不相見已二年余了，我最不能忘記的是他的背影。
那年冬天，祖母死了，父親的差使也交卸了，正是禍不單行的日子。我從北京到徐州打算跟着父親奔喪回家。到徐州見着父親，看見滿院狼藉的東西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼淚。父親說：「事已如此，不必難過，好在天無絕人之路！」
回家變賣典質，父親還了虧空；又借錢辦了喪事。這些日子，家中光景很是慘澹，一半因為喪事，一半因為父親賦閒。喪事完畢，父親要到南京謀事，我也要回北京念書，我們便同行。
到南京時，有朋友約去遊逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便須渡江到浦口，下午上車北去。父親因為事忙，本已說定不送我，叫旅館裏一個熟識的茶房陪我同去。他再三囑咐茶房，甚是仔細。但他終於不放心，怕茶房不妥帖；頗躊躇了一會。其實我那年已二十歲，北京已來往過兩三次，是沒有什麼要緊的了。他躊躇了一會，終於決定還是自己送我去。我再三勸他不必去；他只說：「不要緊，他們去不好！」
我們過了江，進了車站。我買票，他忙着照看行李。行李太多了，得向腳夫行些小費才可過去。他便又忙着和他們講價錢。我那時真是聰明過分，總覺他說話不大漂亮，非自己插嘴不可，但他終於講定了價錢；就送我上車。他給我揀定了靠車門的一張椅子；我將他給我做的紫毛大衣鋪好座位。他囑我路上小心，夜裏要警醒些，不要受涼。又囑託茶房好好照應我。我心裏暗笑他的迂；他們只認得錢，托他們只是白托！而且我這樣大年紀的人，難道還不能料理自己麼？唉，我現在想想，那時真是太聰明了！
我說道：「爸爸，你走吧。」他往車外看了看說：「我買幾個橘子去。你就在此地，不要走動。」我看那邊月台的柵欄外有幾個賣東西的等着顧客。走到那邊月台，須穿過鐵道，須跳下去又爬上去。父親是一個胖子，走過去自然要費事些。我本來要去的，他不肯，只好讓他去。我看見他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大馬褂，深青布棉袍，蹣跚地走到鐵道邊，慢慢探身下去，尚不大難。可是他穿過鐵道，要爬上那邊月台，就不容易了。他用兩手攀着上面，兩腳再向上縮；他肥胖的身子向左微傾，顯出努力的樣子，這時我看見他的背影，我的淚很快地流下來了。我趕緊拭乾了淚。怕他看見，也怕別人看見。我再向外看時，他已抱了朱紅的桔子往回走了。
過鐵道時，他先將桔子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起桔子走。到這邊時，我趕緊去攙他。他和我走到車上，將桔子一股腦兒放在我的皮大衣上。於是撲撲衣上的泥土，心裏很輕鬆似的。過一會兒說：「我走了，到那邊來信！」我望着他走出去。他走了幾步，回過頭看見我，說：「進去吧，裏邊沒人。」等他的背影混入來來往往的人里，再找不着了，我便進來坐下，我的眼淚又來了。
那年冬天，祖母死了，父親的差使也交卸了，正是禍不單行的日子。我從北京到徐州打算跟着父親奔喪回家。到徐州見着父親，看見滿院狼藉的東西，又想起祖母，不禁簌簌地流下眼淚。父親說：「事已如此，不必難過，好在天無絕人之路！」
回家變賣典質，父親還了虧空；又借錢辦了喪事。這些日子，家中光景很是慘澹，一半因為喪事，一半因為父親賦閒。喪事完畢，父親要到南京謀事，我也要回北京念書，我們便同行。
到南京時，有朋友約去遊逛，勾留了一日；第二日上午便須渡江到浦口，下午上車北去。父親因為事忙，本已說定不送我，叫旅館裏一個熟識的茶房陪我同去。他再三囑咐茶房，甚是仔細。但他終於不放心，怕茶房不妥帖；頗躊躇了一會。其實我那年已二十歲，北京已來往過兩三次，是沒有什麼要緊的了。他躊躇了一會，終於決定還是自己送我去。我再三勸他不必去；他只說：「不要緊，他們去不好！」
我們過了江，進了車站。我買票，他忙着照看行李。行李太多了，得向腳夫行些小費才可過去。他便又忙着和他們講價錢。我那時真是聰明過分，總覺他說話不大漂亮，非自己插嘴不可，但他終於講定了價錢；就送我上車。他給我揀定了靠車門的一張椅子；我將他給我做的紫毛大衣鋪好座位。他囑我路上小心，夜裏要警醒些，不要受涼。又囑託茶房好好照應我。我心裏暗笑他的迂；他們只認得錢，托他們只是白托！而且我這樣大年紀的人，難道還不能料理自己麼？唉，我現在想想，那時真是太聰明了！
我說道：「爸爸，你走吧。」他往車外看了看說：「我買幾個橘子去。你就在此地，不要走動。」我看那邊月台的柵欄外有幾個賣東西的等着顧客。走到那邊月台，須穿過鐵道，須跳下去又爬上去。父親是一個胖子，走過去自然要費事些。我本來要去的，他不肯，只好讓他去。我看見他戴着黑布小帽，穿着黑布大馬褂，深青布棉袍，蹣跚地走到鐵道邊，慢慢探身下去，尚不大難。可是他穿過鐵道，要爬上那邊月台，就不容易了。他用兩手攀着上面，兩腳再向上縮；他肥胖的身子向左微傾，顯出努力的樣子，這時我看見他的背影，我的淚很快地流下來了。我趕緊拭乾了淚。怕他看見，也怕別人看見。我再向外看時，他已抱了朱紅的桔子往回走了。
過鐵道時，他先將桔子散放在地上，自己慢慢爬下，再抱起桔子走。到這邊時，我趕緊去攙他。他和我走到車上，將桔子一股腦兒放在我的皮大衣上。於是撲撲衣上的泥土，心裏很輕鬆似的。過一會兒說：「我走了，到那邊來信！」我望着他走出去。他走了幾步，回過頭看見我，說：「進去吧，裏邊沒人。」等他的背影混入來來往往的人里，再找不着了，我便進來坐下，我的眼淚又來了。
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【賞析】《背影》是中國現代散文史上的名篇，上學的時候已經讀過，現在再讀，更有一番體悟；忍不住為作者精妙的文筆而拍案叫絕，更為文中所表達出的父子親情而潸然淚下。
《背影》寫於1925年10月，是一篇回憶性的抒情散文。文章寫的是1917年冬，因祖母去世，作者從北京至徐州，和父親一道回鄉奔喪，喪事辦完後，父親去南京謀事，作者返回北京上學，父子在浦口車站送別的情景。
關於《背影》，作者曾經這樣說：「我寫《背影》，就因為文中所引父親的來信里的那句話。當時讀了父親的信，真的淚如泉湧。我父親待我的許多好處，特別是背影里所述的那一回，想起來跟在眼前一般無二。我這篇文只是寫實……」。這段話將《背影》的成文因由，敘述重點和行文風格和盤道出，是理解該文的關鍵所在。
《背影》，一千三百餘字，篇幅短小，卻具有歷久彌新，動人心弦的藝術魅力。
現在從藝術方面看《背影》。
第一，構思巧妙新穎，佈局凝練精美。首先，作者把描寫的焦點投放在一個普通而典型的細節——父親的「背影」上。作者開門見山，「我最不能忘記的就是他的背影」，點題的文字把讀者的視線聚焦在「背影」上，留下初次的印跡。接下來，作者由遠及近，層次分明地敘述了祖母的喪事，父親的失業和虧空，父子同行的因由，像戲劇的念白一樣交代了事情的背景，簡潔的敘述中營造出一種濃郁的悲切氣氛，為下文描寫父子送別的情景作好了情感上的鋪墊。文章四次提到「背影」，卻沒有平均着墨，而是濃淡相宜，虛實結合。開頭以「背影」點題。
第二次是父親為「我」買橘子時的「背影」，這次作者用筆較重，具體細緻，實中有虛。第三次是父親離開車站一剎間的「背影」，只淡淡地虛帶一句「他的背影混入來來往往的人里」，就將父子不忍分離的悲酸悵惘活化了。第四次是結尾處，作者引用父親來信的文字，道出了父親晚年淒涼、無奈和頹唐的心境，淚眼朦朧中似乎看見了父親的「背影」。這是幻覺，更是實情，將全篇的感情提高到極處，卻又將感情的大堤一下子破開。這裏「背影」的虛寫與開頭點題「背影」的文字遙相呼應，使得作品結構精緻完美。其次，引用父親的信，作者不是放在開頭引起回憶，而是放到結尾，升華主題。
第二，白描手法的運用，簡潔有力，由表及裏地展示了父親複雜的內心世界。作者沒有靜止地描寫父親的背影，而是通過白描的手法，層次分明地進行了立體描寫。作者先描摹父親的形態：身體肥胖，衣着臃腫，走動蹣跚，表現出父親：喪母的悲痛，失業的疲累，戀子的深情，加重了「背影」的厚度。
接着，一眼不眨地看到父親一些列的動作。父親步履蹣跚地「走到鐵道邊」，「探下身」，「穿過鐵道」，「爬上月台」，「雙手攀着」，「兩腳縮」，「向左微傾」……一連串複雜的動作，這裏的背影，只留下最有典型意義的鏡頭，把父親明知自己行動不便，仍堅持為兒子買橘子的愛子深情敘寫了出來，也把「我」的心裏變化表現了出來，更是引起了讀者感情上的共鳴。
第三，語言質樸凝練。《背影》用詞樸實，簡潔，口語化。全篇寫實，卻詳略得當，用字惜墨如金。寫父親失業，用「差事也『交卸』了」、「賦閒」來表達，既得體地照顧了父親的面子，又敘寫了生活的無奈。朋友相約遊逛，因心境不佳，「勾留」了一日。「說定」不送我，「再三叮囑」茶房，「甚是仔細」，偏偏「終於」不放心。
看似重複的兩句：「躊躇了一會兒」，也是極力地寫父親因為事忙，卻怕「熟識」的茶房相送不「妥帖」，表達了父親此時此刻複雜的心境。父親「忙着」照看行李，「忙着」講價錢，連着兩個「忙着」，表現了父親事無巨細，一顆心全在兒子身上。父親送我上了車，「囑我」，又「囑託」茶房，看似絮絮叨叨，囉囉嗦嗦，卻體現了父親對「我」無微不至的關切。父親的話全文只有六句，卻話短情長，充分地表達了主題。
第四，敘事和抒情有機結合。對父親的思念和感恩，作者通篇文字是通過追敘的方式表達的，文中兩次自責：「我那時真是聰明過分」、「那時真是太聰明了」，用自己的幼稚反襯父親的偉大。「哪知老境卻如此頹唐！」「哎！我不知何時能再能與他相見！」既表達了對父親的憐惜和眷念，又體現了作者對惡劣的社會現狀的強烈不滿！
總之，《背影》是「一等至情文學」，值得我們不斷學習的最美的散文
背影」，對於父親的記憶還有多多，這裡只說一印象最深的「背影」而已。
這是一篇敘事抒情的散文，它的主旨是通過對「背影」的追憶而表達父子之情。
這一段的最後，說到父親的來信。這封信，是結束父子矛盾的樞紐，也是引起作者回憶父愛，提筆作文的動因。「背影」二字，照應了題目，也收攏了全文，自然而嚴謹。
「最不能忘記的是他的背影」，到底是怎麼回事呢？這是全文的核心內容，需要細細品味。還是「虛實互解」。
但作者並不急於直接描寫「背影」，而是從家庭變故說起：祖母病故，父親失業，典當舉債，禍不單行。這是為「背影」的出現做鋪墊，也為後來的父子矛盾埋下了引線。
接下來，還不出現「背影」——作為讀者，不免有點著急了——作者用兩個段落細細地寫父親到車站送我北歸：囑託茶房，跟腳夫講價錢，幫著揀座位，再細細囑咐，「做了許多大事」的父親，再此等瑣屑的事情上，不僅堅持親歷親為，還如此周到，如此耐心，充分顯現了「慈父」之「慈」的一面。然而，那時的「我」並不理解，也不領情：「總覺他說話不大漂亮」，「心裡暗笑他的迂」。
但當買橘子的鏡頭出現的時候，那個「背影」，終於令「我的淚很快地流下來了」；「等他的背影混入來來往往的人里，再找不著了」的時候，「我的眼淚又來了」。在解讀這一段文字的時候，論者多著眼於父親在月台爬上爬下動作之艱難，弄課件，設板書，配圖像，這當然有道理。但那動作只是可見的外在，如果理解不到「內里」，那動作就沒有那麼大的感人力量。
在送行的整個行程中，「我」始終沒有特別注意到父親的衣著，只有當父親走去買橘子的時候，「我」的目光才集中到他的身上，才注意到他「戴著黑布小帽，穿著黑布大馬褂，深青布棉袍」。
如此，我們才能理解為什麼父親「將橘子一股腦兒放在我的皮大衣上」之後，「撲撲衣上的泥土，心裡很輕鬆似的」。「輕鬆」是一個重要的情態語，在為兒子做了種種瑣事之後，終於又完成了心靈的祝福，能做的都做了，滿足了，輕鬆了。對此，「我」應該是心領神會了，所以，不僅當時下了淚，此後這個「背影」也成為他「最不能忘記」的父親的影像。
父子情深，天下皆然；父子齟齬，也非鮮見。能夠在短短的篇幅中把這「齟齬」與「情深」以及它們的轉化表現得如此真摯，如此動人。
作者：楊國鵬
熟吃橙子完勝一切止咳藥！
很新奇的吃法~~
【鹽蒸橙子】治咳嗽，秒殺一切止咳消炎藥
- 橙皮里有兩種成分具有止咳化痰的功效，一個是那可汀，一個是橙皮油。這兩種成分，只有在蒸煮之後才會從橙皮中出來。尤其適合久咳不愈的小孩子吃，完全沒有副作用。
- 把橙子洗乾淨後放在鹽水中浸泡20分鐘，去除橙子表面的果蠟。橙子不用剝皮，在頂部平切開一片，往露出的果肉上撒少許鹽，再用筷子在果肉上戳幾個洞，以便於鹽滲進果肉。
- 把切開的那片橙子重新蓋好，放進碗里。碗里不用加水，直接放進蒸鍋，蒸至水沸后再蒸15分鐘，就做好了。蒸好的橙子，皮有一定的收縮，碗底還會有汁水流出。
- 吃法：去橙皮吃果肉，碗底的汁水一起喝掉。
【帶皮蘋果】蒸吃止瀉、排毒、易消化
- 蘋果蒸著吃，其中的果膠煮過以後，不僅能吸收細菌和毒素，而且還有收斂、止瀉的功效，並且更易消化。
- 方法：將蘋果帶皮切成小片，放入小碗中，隔水蒸5分鐘即可，稍稍冷卻后，即可食用。
【熱蒸的柚子】清火、化痰、祛腸中惡氣
- 柚子是秋季成熟的水果，有「天然水果罐頭」之稱。它含有非常豐富的蛋白質、有機酸、維生素以及鈣、磷、鎂、鈉等人體必需的元素。
- 柚子還具有健胃、理氣化痰、潤肺清腸、補血健脾等功效，能促進食慾、治療消化不良等症，理氣散結。可促進傷口癒合，對敗血症等有良好的輔助療效。容易上火的人，吃柚子可以降火氣、抑制口腔潰瘍。
- 為啥要蒸著吃？
只吃柚子肉，就浪費了柚子皮中的橙皮苷和柚皮苷等活性物質，這些可降低血液循環的粘稠度，減少血栓的形成，有效預防中老年人中風的發生。所以加柚子皮一起蒸著吃，才是最好的吃法。 - 蒸食方法：鮮柚留皮去核，隔水蒸后加蜜糖食用。
【帶皮的蘋果】蒸吃止瀉、排毒、易消化
- 蘋果蒸著吃，其中的果膠煮過以後，不僅能吸收細菌和毒素，而且還有收斂、止瀉的功效，並且更易消化。
- 蒸食方法：將蘋果帶皮切成小片，放入小碗中，隔水蒸5分鐘即可，稍稍冷卻后，即可食用。
脾胃本就虛【紅棗更要蒸著吃】
- 國外的一項臨床研究顯示：連續吃大棗的病人，健康恢複比單純吃維生素藥劑快3倍以上。
紅棗富含蛋白質、脂肪、糖類、胡蘿蔔素、B族維生素、維生素C、維生素P以及鈣、磷、鐵等營養成分。其中維生素C的含量在果品中名列前茅，有「維生素王」之美稱。
- 為啥要蒸著吃？
但是干棗棗皮十分硬，並不適合脾胃虛弱的人吃，鮮棗更不宜多吃。所以，最有效的方法就是將干棗蒸著吃。蒸棗更容易消化，十分適合脾胃虛弱的人。
- 蒸食方法：對於氣血虧虛、肝腎不足者，可以將大棗與枸杞、雞蛋一起蒸。
- 一般體質的人可以把紅棗和山藥一起燉服。將紅棗對半切開，山藥切丁；兩者加涼水隔水蒸；水開后，慢火蒸20分鐘即可。
「特高筋麵粉、高筋麵粉、中筋麵粉、低筋麵粉」，傻傻分不清楚，它們具體該怎麼用呢？
很多人在購買麵粉的時候，或許都有一個疑問！？貨架上「特高筋麵粉、高筋麵粉、中筋麵粉、低筋麵粉」，要怎麼購買才對呢？
小麥的組成
- 整體來說小麥的組成可分成4大部份：
（1）麥芒：這是麥粒最外層鬚狀部分。
（2）麩皮：富含纖維素與豐富維生素B群及鐵質。
（3）胚芽：小麥發芽生長之器官，富含不飽和脂肪酸及維生素B1、E、鐵質，而且胚芽所含之蛋白質品質與動物性蛋白質相當。
（4）胚乳：小麥中央白色部分，麵粉主要由此部份製作而成，此處的澱粉含量最高，其它則有－蛋白質、脂質、維生素、各種無機鹽。
「白麵粉」是去除麩皮之後由胚乳磨製成，而「全麥麵粉」則由整粒小麥不去除麩皮磨製成粉。
當麵粉遇到水
- 麵粉加水攪拌後，麵糰中的麥穀蛋白會吸水膨脹與醇溶蛋白、酸溶蛋白及水溶性的白蛋白、球蛋白等結合，並藉著對麵糰的攪拌作用而形成網狀結構的麵筋。筋度愈大的麵粉其加水之後黏度愈高，不鬆散。而蛋白質品質的優劣，就左右了麵糰的操作性。
- 把麵粉中的蛋白質以水洗方式分離出來，就叫做『麵筋』，麵筋具有彈性、延伸性和韌性。而所謂的『筋度』，指的就是麵粉中所含麵筋蛋白質的量。經分離出來的含水麵筋叫『濕麵筋』，在100公克的麵粉中，約有18~45公克的含量，而蛋白質大約占濕麵筋的1/3量。
各種麵粉的分類及適用性
- 按照蛋白質的含量多寡，麵粉可分為：特高筋麵粉、高筋麵粉、中筋麵粉與低筋麵粉，所以蛋白質的含量是可以明確界定的。
「特高筋麵粉」含有約14%以上蛋白質，是所有麵粉中含量最高的，因此不論筋度及黏度，都是較一般的麵粉。適合用來做油條、通心麵及麵筋等咬勁十足的麵食點心。
- 「高筋麵粉」麵2.jpg含有約11.5~14%左右的蛋白質，吸水量為62～66%。筋度大、黏牲強，高筋麵粉在國外稱為麵包麵粉，原料以硬紅春麥為主，摻合部份硬紅冬麥製成。適合用來做麵包、派皮、鬆餅、餃子皮、麵條等口感帶點兒刀的麵食點心。
- 「中筋麵粉」含有約9.5~11.5%左右的蛋白質，吸水量為50～55%。中筋麵粉只使用了硬紅冬麥，筋度及黏度較均衡，是適用範圍最廣泛的麵粉種類。適合製作饅頭、包子、燒餅、芝麻球等吃起來軟中帶點兒勁道的麵食點心。
- 「低筋麵粉」含有約6.5~9.5%左右的蛋白質，吸水量為48～52%。由於含量是所有麵粉中最底的，因此不論筋度及黏度較底，主要用於蛋糕製作，因此又稱為蛋糕麵粉，主要原料為白麥磨製。適用來製作各式糕點、雪芳蛋糕、笑口棗、鍋餅等口感鬆軟、膨鬆的蛋糕、點心及各式餅乾。日式百貨公司出售的「薄力粉」就是低筋麵粉了。
- 「全麥麵粉」：傳統的全麥麵粉，是以整粒小麥碾磨所製成，所以全麥麵粉中含有大量胚芽與麩皮，以全麥麵粉製做之麵食－如全麥麵包－嚼起來質感較硬，但是營養比只以胚乳磨製而成的白麵粉豐富。全麥麵粉外表看起來顏色有點灰灰的，這是因為其中含有麩皮，麵粉麩皮含量愈高則灰分含量也愈高，灰分含量愈低則麵粉色調愈白，灰分含量雖是麵粉等級的指標，但並不影響烘焙食品之性質。
口感
- 使用高筋麵粉加工所製成的食品，咀嚼起來比起中筋或低筋麵粉製成的食品要有嚼勁，但是不是每一種食物都需要嚼感與嚼勁，所以不同的食物風味就必須選擇不同筋度的麵粉來製作。
- 簡單的說：就是需要經過發酵的製品，如麵包，就採用高筋麵粉，不需要發酵的製品，就採用低筋麵粉。
麵粉的保存
- 保存麵粉要盡量乾燥，使用時最好先以網篩過篩再使用，這樣可以避免結塊，同時使麵粉在拌入時更容易且成品會比較鬆軟些。
- 如果麵粉消耗得快，可以放置在乾燥的櫃子裡，緊封袋口，以免招蟲；如果消耗麵粉的速度很慢，最好將袋口封緊然後放入冰箱冷藏。
人病腿先知，從腿部預測出身體的疾病
- 中醫里有這樣一句話「凡是得癌的人都是小腿經絡不暢通！但是小腿經絡不暢通不一定是癌症，但一定是疑難雜證比如像牛皮癬，白癜風，魚鱗病，強制性脊椎炎，高血壓，高血脂，高血糖，糖尿病，女士宮寒，痛經，卵巢囊腫，子宮肌瘤，子宮內膜厚，月經量少等癥狀都與小腿經絡不暢通有很直接的關係。
通過腿部形狀與贅肉觀察癥狀。
- 當腿肚子較大，腳腕特細的為家族史糖尿癥狀，當糖尿癥狀即將出現的時候腿部會出現酸，麻，脹的症三狀。
- 當腿肚子與腳腕一塊粗下來，說明家族史血糖癥狀。
- 當腳腕特別粗的為家族史三高癥狀，(高血壓，高血脂，高血糖)
- 當腿腕內側出現贅肉說明乳腺與婦科的問題，因為腿腕內側是肝經所走的部位，肝經是有乳腺主婦科，所以腿腕內側長贅肉代表婦科或乳腺問題。
- 腿部膝眼長贅肉，說明膝關節出現問題了，一般表現為膝關節疼痛，上樓困難等。
- 腹股溝出現肉肉，不僅會引起大腿部內側贅肉還會引起女士的盆腔積液。
- 大腿外側出現贅肉說明膽經出現於堵，肝膽相表裡，會引起女士火氣旺。
雙腿水腫：脾虛
- 中醫認為，肺虛、脾虛、腎虛都可導致水腫，脾虛導致的水腫尤其體現在腿。按下凹陷不易恢復、不愛吃東西、臉色灰暗，就應健脾利濕。
膝蓋涼，手腳涼：冷寒症
- 如果經常感到手腳冰涼、膝蓋涼，多是冷寒證的表現。中醫認為這是氣虛、氣滯、陽氣不足的反應。
女性在經期、孕期和產期等特殊生理時期更易如此。建議平時多用熱水泡腳，既能暖身，又能舒緩疲勞。
樹老先老根，人老腿先老，巰通腿部經絡的重要性!
- 當小腿經絡不暢通或者出現贅肉就會引起小腿的關節炎，經脈曲張，下肢末梢壞死，類風濕性關節炎，宮寒痛經，腎功能底下，三高症，糖尿等慢性癥狀以及心肌供血不足，手腳冰涼都與小腿經絡不暢通有很直接的關係，所以小腿經絡很關鍵。
在中醫看來，頭痛不能光醫頭，腿疼也不能只看腿。因為當肝、腎俱虛時，會在腿上有所體現。人過中年，男性女性都要多注意腿的變化。以下從腿部（圖）預測出身體的疾病。
2 中醫語錄：凡是得癌的人都是小腿經絡不暢通！
健康的身體離不開定期的排毒，你知道你自己身體中哪裡藏毒了嗎?
- 腎臟出現問題時———聲音就會出不來，就會沙啞。
心臟有問題時————左邊手臂會酸、麻、痛。
脾胃出現問題時———偏頭痛。
肝臟有問題時————小腿晚上睡覺時容易抽筋。
腎臟排毒
- 腎臟排毒食品：冬瓜。
冬瓜富含汁液，進入人體后，會刺激腎臟增加尿液，排出體內的毒素。食用時可用冬瓜煲湯或清炒，味道盡量淡一些。
- 腎臟抗毒食品：山藥。
山藥雖然可以同時滋補很多臟器，但最終還是以補腎為主，經常吃山藥可以增強腎臟的排毒功能。拔絲山藥是很好的一種食用方法，用焦糖「炮製」過的山藥，抗毒的功效會相應增強。
- 肝臟排毒要穴：湧泉穴。
這是人體最低的穴位，如果人體是一幢大樓，這個穴位就是排污下水管道的出口，經常按揉它，排毒效果明顯。湧泉穴位置在足底的前1/3處(計算時不包括足趾)，這個穴位比較敏感，不要用太大的力度，稍有感覺即可，以邊按邊揉為佳，持續5分鐘左右即可。
- 腎臟最佳排毒時間：腎臟最適合排毒的時間是早晨5～7點，身體經過一夜的修復，到了早晨毒素都聚集在腎臟，所以早晨起來最好喝一杯白水，沖刷一下腎臟。
肝臟排毒
- 吃青色的食物：按中醫五行理論，青色的食物可以通達肝氣，起到很好的疏肝、解郁、緩解情緒作用，屬於幫助肝臟排毒的食物。中醫專家推薦青色的橘子或檸檬，連皮做成青橘果汁或是青檸檬水，直接飲用就好。
- 枸杞提升肝臟的耐受性：除了排毒之外，還應該提升肝臟抵抗毒素的能力。這種食物首推枸杞，它具有很好的保護肝臟的作用，可以提升肝臟對毒素的耐受性。食用時以咀嚼著吃最好，每天吃一小把。
- 按壓肝臟排毒要穴：這是指太沖穴，位置在足背第一、二跖骨結合部之前的凹陷中。用拇指按揉3~5分鐘，感覺輕微酸脹即可。不要用太大的力氣，兩隻腳交替按壓。
- 眼淚排毒法：相較於從不哭泣的男人，女人壽命更長，這不能不說和眼淚有關係。中醫早已有了這個認識，而且也被西方醫學所證實。作為排泄液的淚液，同汗液和尿液一樣，裡面確實有一些對身體有害的生化毒素。所以，難受時、委屈時、壓抑時就乾脆哭一場。
心臟排毒
- 吃苦排毒：首推蓮子芯，它味苦，可以發散心火，雖然有寒性，但不會損傷人體的陽氣，所以一向被認為是最好的化解心臟熱毒的食物。可以用蓮子芯泡茶，不妨再加些竹葉或生甘草，能增強蓮子芯的排毒作用。
在手掌心，第4、5掌骨之間，握拳時小指與無名指指端之間。按壓這個穴位不妨用些力，左右手交替。
- 綠豆利尿排毒：綠豆可以通過利尿、清熱的辦法，來化解並排出心臟的毒素，但吃綠豆時要用液體的形式，例如綠豆漿或綠豆湯，綠豆糕的效果會差一些。
- 心臟最佳排毒時間：中午11—13點是心臟最強的時間，可些保心、助排毒的食物，例如茯苓、堅果、黃豆、黑芝麻、小棗、蓮子等。
脾臟排毒
- 吃酸助脾臟排毒：例如烏梅、醋，這是用來化解食物中毒素的最佳食品，可以增強腸胃的消化功能，使食物中的毒素在最短的時間內排出體外。同時酸味食物還具有健脾的功效，可以很好地起到「抗毒食品」的功效。
- 按壓脾臟排毒要穴：這是指商丘穴，位置在內踝前下方的凹陷中，用手指按揉該穴位，保持酸重感即可，每次3分鐘左右，兩腳交替做。
- 飯後走一走：運動可以幫助脾胃消化，加快毒素排出的速度，不過需要長期堅持，效果才會更好。
- 脾臟最佳排毒時間：餐后是最容易產生毒素的時刻，食物如果不能及時的消化或是吸收，毒素就會積累很多。除了飯後走一走，因為甘味健脾，還可以在吃完飯1小時吃1個水果，幫助健脾、排毒。
肺臟排毒
- 蘿蔔是肺臟的排毒食品：在中醫眼中，大腸和肺的關係最密切，肺排出毒素程度取決於大腸是否通暢，蘿蔔能幫助大腸排泄宿便，生吃或拌成冷盤都可以。
- 百合提高肺臟抗毒能力：肺臟向來不喜歡燥氣，在燥的情況下，容易導致積累毒素。蘑菇、百合有很好的養肺滋陰的功效，可以幫肺臟抗擊毒素，食用時加工時間不要過長，否則百合中的汁液會減少，防毒效果要大打折扣。
- 按壓肺臟排毒要穴：有利肺臟的穴位是合谷穴，位置在手背上，第1、2掌骨間，當第2掌骨橈側的中點處，可以用拇指和食指捏住這個部位，用力按壓。
- 排汗解毒：肺管理皮膚，所以痛痛快快地出一身汗，讓汗液帶走體內的毒素，會讓我們的肺清爽起來。除了運動以外，出汗的方法還可以是熱水浴，浴前水中加一些生薑和薄荷精油，使汗液分泌得更暢快，排出身體深處的毒素。
- 深呼吸：每次呼吸時，肺內都有殘餘的廢氣無法排出，這些廢氣相對於那些新鮮、富含氧氣的空氣來講，也是一種毒素。只需幾個深呼吸，就能減少體內廢氣的殘留。
- 肺臟最佳排毒時間：肺臟最強的時間是早7點～9點，此時最好能夠通過運動排毒。在肺最有力的時候進行慢跑等有氧運動，能強健肺排出毒素的功能。
身體器官工作表一覽
- 1一、晚上9-11點為免疫系統(淋巴)排毒時間，此段時間應安靜或聽音樂。
二、晚間11-凌晨1點，肝的排毒，需在熟睡中進行。
三、凌晨1-3點，膽的排毒，亦同。
四、凌晨3-5點，肺的排毒。此即為何咳嗽的人在這段時間咳得最劇烈，因排毒動作已走到肺;不應用止咳藥，以免抑制廢積物的排除。
五、凌晨5-7點，大腸的排毒，應上廁所排便。
六、凌晨7-9點，小腸大量吸收營養的時段，應吃早餐。療病者最好早吃，在6點半前，養生者在7點半前，不吃早餐者應改變習慣，即使拖到9、10點吃都比不吃好。
七、半夜至凌晨4點為脊椎造血時段，必須熟睡，不宜熬夜!!
你知道你自己身體中哪裡藏毒了嗎?
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